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Anthracene
CASRN 120-12-7
Contents
0434
Anthracene; CASRN 120-12-7
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only
after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health
scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and
Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a
consensus reached in the review process. Background information and
explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are
provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Anthracene
File On-Line 09/01/1990
Category (section) Status Last Revised
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) on-line 07/01/1993
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) no data 09/01/1994
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) on-line 01/01/1991
_I. CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR NONCARCINOGENIC EFFECTS
__I.A. REFERENCE DOSE FOR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE (RfD)
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
Last Revised -- 07/01/1993
The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds exist
for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed in units
of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning
perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population
(including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable
risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer to the Background
Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs can also be derived for
the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances that are also carcinogens.
Therefore, it is essential to refer to other sources of information concerning
the carcinogenicity of this substance. If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this
substance for potential human carcinogenicity, a summary of that evaluation
will be contained in Section II of this file.
___I.A.1. ORAL RfD SUMMARY
Critical Effect Experimental Doses* UF MF RfD
-------------------- ----------------------- ----- --- ---------
No observed effects NOEL: 1000 mg/kg/day 3000 1 3E-1
mg/kg/day
Subchronic Toxicity LOAEL: none
Study in Mice
U.S. EPA, 1989
*Conversion Factors: none
___I.A.2. PRINCIPAL AND SUPPORTING STUDIES (ORAL RfD)
U.S. EPA. 1989. Subchronic toxicity in mice with anthracene. Final Report.
Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste,
Washington, DC.
Anthracene was administered to groups of 20 male and female CD-1 (ICR)BR mice
by oral gavage at doses of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for at least 90
days. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption,
opthalmology findings, hematology and clinical chemistry results, organ
weights, organ-to-body weight ratios, gross pathology, and histopathology
findings were evaluated. No treatment-related effects were noted. The no-
observed-effect level (NOEL) is the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg/day).
___I.A.3. UNCERTAINTY AND MODIFYING FACTORS (ORAL RfD)
UF -- An uncertainty factor of 3000 was used: 10 to account for interspecies
extrapolation, 10 for intraspecies variability and 30 for both the use of a
subchronic study for chronic RfD derivation and for lack of
reproductive/developmental data and adequate toxicity data in a second
species.
MF -- None
___I.A.4. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS (ORAL RfD)
In a chronic bioassay (Schmahl, 1955), a group of 28 BD I and BD III rats
received anthracene in the diet, starting when the rats were approximately 100
days old. The daily dosage was 5 to 15 mg/rat, and the experiment was
terminated when a total dose of 4.5 g/rat was achieved, on the 550th
experimental day. The rats were observed until they died, with some living
more than 1000 days. No treatment-related effects on lifespan or gross and
histological appearance of tissues were observed. Body weights were not
mentioned, and hematological parameters were not measured. No chronic LOAEL
could be determined from this study.
___I.A.5. CONFIDENCE IN THE ORAL RfD
Study -- Low
Data Base -- Low
RfD -- Low
Confidence in the study is low. It was a well-designed experiment examining a
variety of toxicological endpoints; however, failure to identify a LOAEL
precludes a higher level of confidence. Confidence in the data base is low,
because of the lack of adequate toxicity data in a second species and
developmental/reproductive studies. Low confidence in the RfD follows.
___I.A.6. EPA DOCUMENTATION AND REVIEW OF THE ORAL RfD
Source Document -- U.S. EPA, 1987
ECAO-CIN Internal Review and Limited Agency Review.
Other EPA Documentation -- U.S. EPA,1989
Agency Work Group Review -- 10/19/1989, 11/15/1989
Verification Date -- 11/15/1989
___I.A.7. EPA CONTACTS (ORAL RfD)
Please contact the Risk Information Hotline for all questions concerning this
assessment or IRIS, in general, at (513)569-7254 (phone), (513)569-7159 (FAX)
or RIH.IRIS@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV (internet address).
__I.B. REFERENCE CONCENTRATION FOR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE (RfC)
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
Not available at this time.
_II. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT FOR LIFETIME EXPOSURE
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
Last Revised -- 01/01/1991
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic
assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of
the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative
estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The
quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is
the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is
presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative
estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m
air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water
or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1
in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity
information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986
(EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries
developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated
(Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to
Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other
than carcinogenicity.
__II.A. EVIDENCE FOR CLASSIFICATION AS TO HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY
___II.A.1. WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CLASSIFICATION
Classification -- D, not classifiable as to human carcinogencity
Basis -- Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays.
___II.A.2. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA
None.
___II.A.3. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA
Inadequate. A group of 28 BDI or BDIII rats (sex not specified) were fed
a diet containing anthracene in oil, 6 days/week for 78 weeks, and observed
until natural death, approximately 700 days (Schmahl, 1955). The total dose
was 4.5 g anthracene/rat (approximately 28 mg/kg/day). No concurrent controls
were used. No tumors were observed.
Groups of 60 female 3-to 6-month-old Osborne-Mendel rats were observed for
55-81 weeks after receiving a single lung implant of anthracene (0.5 mg/rat,
approximately 2 mg/kg) dissolved in a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of beeswax and
trioctanoin (0.1 mL) (Stanton et al., 1972). Controls received an implant of
the vehicle. No tumors were observed.
Tests for complete carcinogenicity and initiating activity in mouse skin-
painting assays have not shown positive results. No tumors were observed in
an assay of initiating activity in which Crl:CD/1 (ICR)BR female albino mice
were exposed to 1 mg anthracene in acetone, and then treated with 12-o-
tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate as the promoting agent 3 times/week for 20
weeks (LaVoie et al., 1985).
A single dermal application of 10 um anthracene (purity not stated) in
benzene was administered to 30 female CD-1 mice; this initial application was
followed 7 days later by twice-weekly applications of 5 um 12-0-tetradecanoyl
phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 35 weeks. Survival in the group was 93% after 35
weeks. By week 20 of the test, 2/28 mice had developed skin tumors; this
increased to 4/28 by week 35. In the control group, in which 30 mice received
only the TPA applications, a mouse developed a skin tumor at week 25
(Scribner, 1973).
Kennaway (1924) administered 40% anthracene (purity unknown) either in
lanolin or as an ether-extract to two groups of 100 mice each (sex and strain
not stated). In the lanolin-group, 44% of the mice survived 131 days and in
the ether-extract group only 6% survived until day 160. In the lanolin-group
1/44 surviving mice had developed a papilloma by day 131; no mice had
developed tumors in the ether-extract by day 160. No information pertaining
to the use of a control group was given.
Druckrey and Schmahl (1955) administered a diet containing anthracene in
oil 6 days/week to 28 BDI or BDIII rats (sex not stated) for 78 weeks. The
total dose was 4.5 g anthracene/rat. No treatment-related tumors were found,
and no control groups appear to have been utilized.
___II.A.4. SUPPORTING DATA FOR CARCINOGENICITY
Tests for DNA damage and gene mutations in prokaryotes have generally
shown negative results. Negative results were observed in tests for DNA
damage in Escherichia coli at concentrations up to 250 ug/mL and Bacillus
subtilis at 62 ug/mL (Rosenkrantz and Poirier, 1979; McCarroll et al., 1981;
DeFlora et al., 1984). Negative results were obtained in tests for reverse
mutation in six strains of Salmonella typhimurium, at concentrations up to
1000 ug/plate (McCann et al., 1975; Simmon, 1979a; LaVoie et al., 1979;
Salamone et al., 1979; Ho et al., 1981; DeFlora et al., 1984; Bos et al.,
1988). Tests for forward mutation at 40 ug/mL were negative (Kaden et al.,
1979). Positive results for reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium (TA97)
at 10 ug/plate were reported (Sakai et al., 1985). Anthracene was tested in
bacterial assays in 20 laboratories as part of an international collaborative
study. One lab reported a positive in TA100 without activation, one lab
reported a positive in TA98 and TA100 but only with S9 and all other labs
reported negative results (Bridges et al., 1981).
Anthracene has consistently been negative in yeast test systems measuring
mitotic recombination (Simmon, 1979b; de Serres and Hoffman, 1981), gene
conversion, mutation and chromosome loss (de Serres and Hoffman, 1981).
Tests for DNA damage, mutation, chromosome effects and cell transformation
in a variety of eukaryotic cell preparations have shown negative results.
Anthracene showed negative results in tests for DNA damage (DNA synthesis) in
primary rat hepatocytes (1 ug/mL), Chinese hamster ovary cells (1000 ug/mL),
or HeLa cells (100 ug/mL) (Williams, 1977; Probst et al., 1981; Garrett and
Lewtas, 1983; Martin et al., 1978; Martin and McDermid, 1981). It yielded
negative results in tests for forward mutation in Chinese hamster V79 cells
(125 ug/mL), mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells (18 ug/mL) and human lymphoblastoid
cells (36 ug/mL) (Knapp et al., 1981; Amacher and Turner, 1980; Amacher et
al., 1980; Barfknecht et al., 1981). Results obtained in tests for sister-
chromatid exchange and chromosome breaks in Chinese hamster D6 cells and rat
liver epithelial ARL-18 cells at 178 ug/mL were negative (Abe and Sasaki,
1977; Tong et al., 1981). Results reported in tests for cell transformation
(morphological changes) at concentrations up to 30 ug/mL in mouse BALB/3T3
cells, guinea pig fetal cells, Syrian hamster embryo cells and mouse embryo
C3H10T1/2 cells (DiPaolo et al., 1972; Evans and DiPaolo, 1975; Pienta et al.,
1977; Lubet et al., 1983) were negative. In the international collaborative
study negative results were reported with in vitro assays measuring
unscheduled DNA synthesis, sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberrations,
and gene mutations (Brookes and Preston, 1981).
__II.B. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATE OF CARCINOGENIC RISK FROM ORAL EXPOSURE
None.
__II.C. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATE OF CARCINOGENIC RISK FROM INHALATION EXPOSURE
None.
__II.D. EPA DOCUMENTATION, REVIEW, AND CONTACTS (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
___II.D.1. EPA DOCUMENTATION
Source Document -- U.S. EPA, 1990
The 1990 Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
has received Agency and external review.
___II.D.2. REVIEW (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
Agency Work Group Review -- 02/07/1990
Verification Date -- 02/07/1990
___II.D.3. U.S. EPA CONTACTS (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
Please contact the Risk Information Hotline for all questions concerning this
assessment or IRIS, in general, at (513)569-7254 (phone), (513)569-7159 (FAX)
or RIH.IRIS@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV (internet address).
_VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
Last Revised -- 01/01/1991
__VI.A. ORAL RfD REFERENCES
Schmahl, D. 1955. Testing of naphthalene and anthracene as carcinogenic
agents in the rat. Krebsforsch. 60: 697-710. (Ger.)
U.S. EPA. 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Anthracene.
Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1989. Subchronic toxicity in mice with anthracene. Final Report.
Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste,
Washington, DC.
__VI.B. INHALATION RfC REFERENCES
None
__VI.C. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT REFERENCES
Abe, S. and M. Sasaki. 1977. Studies on chromosomal aberrations and sister
chromatid exchanges induced by chemicals. Proc. Jap. Acad. Sci. 53(1):
46-49.
Amacher, D.E. and G.N. Turner. 1980. Promutagen activation by rodent-liver
postmitochondrial fractions in the L5178Y/TK cell mutation assay. Mutat.
Res. 74: 485-501.
Amacher, D.E., S.C. Paillet, G.N. Turner, V.A. Ray and D.S. Salsburg. 1980.
Point mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.
II. Test validation and interpretation. Mutat. Res. 72: 447-474.
Barfknecht, T.R., B.M. Andon, W.G. Thilly and R.A. Hites. 1981. Soot and
mutation in bacteria and human cells. In: Chemical Analysis and Biological
Fate: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 5th Int. Symp., M. Cooke and A.J.
Dennis, Ed. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 231-242.
Bos, R.P., J.L.G. Theuws, F.J. Jongeneelen and P.T. Henderson. 1988.
Mutagenicity of bi-, tri- and tetra-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the
"taped-plate assay" and in the conventional Salmonella mutagenicity assay.
Mutat. Res. 204: 203-206.
Bridges, B.A., D.B. McGregor, E. Zeiger, et al . 1981. Summary report on the
performance of bacterial mutation assays. In: Evaluation of Short-term Tests
for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program. Progress
in Mutation Research, Vol. 1, F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby, Ed. Amsterdam,
Elsevier, North Holland. p. 49-67.
Brookes, P. and R.J. Preston. 1981. Summary report on the performance of in
vitro mammalian assays. In: Evaluation of Short-term Tests for Carcinogens.
Report of the International Collaborative Program. Progress in Mutation
Research, Vol. 1, F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby, Ed. Amsterdam, Elsevier, North
Holland. p. 77-85.
DeFlora, S., P. Zanacchi, A. Camoirano, C. Bennicelli and G.S. Badolati.
1984. Genotoxic activity and potency of 35 compounds in the Ames reversion
test and in a bacterial DNA-repair test. Mutat. Res. 133(3): 161-198.
de Serres, F.J., G.R. Hoffman, et al. 1981. Summary report on the
performance of yeast assays. In: Evaluation of Short-term Tests for
Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program. Progress in
Mutation Research, Vol. 1, F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby, Ed. Amsterdam,
Elsevier, North Holland. p. 68-76.
DiPaolo, J.A., K. Takano and N.C. Popescu. 1972. Quantitation of chemically
induced neoplastic transformation of BALB/3T3 cloned cell lines. Cancer
Res. 32: 2686-2695.
Druckrey, H. and D. Schmahl. 1955. Carcinogenic effect of anthracene.
Naturwissenschaften. 42: 159-160.
Evans, C.H. and J.A. DiPaolo. 1975. Neoplastic transformation of guinea pig
fetal cells in culture induced by chemical carcinogens. Cancer Res. 35:
1035-1044.
Garrett, N.E. and J. Lewtas. 1983. Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster
ovary cell cultures. I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine
priority pollutants. Environ. Res. 32(2): 455-465.
Ho, C-H., B.R. Clark, M.R. Guerin, B.D. Barkenhus, T.K. Rao and J.L. Epier.
1981. Analytical and biological analyses of test materials from the synthetic
fuel technologies. IV. Studies of chemical structure-mutagenic activity
relationships of aromatic nitrogen compounds relevant to synfuels. Mutat.
Res. 85: 335-345.
Kaden, D.A., R.A. Hites and W.G. Thilly. 1979. Mutagenicity of soot and
associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Salmonella typhimurium.
Cancer Res. 39: 4152-4159.
Kennaway, E.L. 1924. On cancer-producing tars and tar-fractions. J. Ind.
Hyg. 5(12): 462-488.
Knapp, A., C. Goze and J. Simons. 1981. Mutagenic activity of seven coded
samples of V79 Chinese hamster cells. In: Evaluation of Short-term Tests for
Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program. Progress in
Mutation Research, Vol. 1, F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby, Ed. Amsterdam,
Elsevier, North Holland. p. 608-613.
LaVoie, E.J., E.V. Bedenko, N. Hirota, S.S. Hecht and D. Hoffmann. 1979. A
comparison of the mutagenicity, tumor-initiating activity and complete
carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons, P.W. Jones and P. Leber, Ed. Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. p. 705-721.
LaVoie, E.J., D.T. Coleman, J.E. Rice, N.G. Geddie and D. Hoffmann. 1985.
Tumor-initiating activity, mutagenicity, and metabolism of methylated
anthracenes. Carcinogenesis. 6(10): 1483-1488.
Lubet, R.A., E. Kiss, M.M. Gallagher, C. Dively, R.E. Kouri and L.M.
Schectman. 1983. Induction of neoplastic transformation and DNA single-
strand breaks in C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cells by polycyclic hydrocarbons and
alkylating agents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71(5): 991-997.
Martin, C.N. and A.C. McDermid. 1981. Testing of 42 coded compounds for
their ability to induce unscheduled DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cells. In:
Evaluation of Short-term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International
Collaborative Program. Progress in Mutation Research, Vol. 1, F.J. de Serres
and J. Ashby, Ed. Amsterdam, Elsevier, North Holland. p. 533-537.
Martin, C.N., A.C. McDermid and R.C. Garner. 1978. Testing of known
carcinogens and noncarcinogens for their ability to induce unscheduled DNA
synthesis in HeLa cells. Cancer Res. 38: 2621-2627.
McCann, J.E., E. Choi, E. Yamasaki and B.N. Ames. 1975. Detection of
carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: Assay of 300
chemicals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 72(12): 5135-5139.
McCarroll, N.E., B.H. Keech and C.E. Piper. 1981. A microsuspension
adaptation of the Bacillus subtilis 'rec' assay. Environ. Mutagen. 3:
607-616.
Pienta, R.J., J.A. Poiley and W.B. Libherz, III. 1977. Morphological
transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived
from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for
identifying diverse carcinogens. Int. J. Cancer. 19: 642-655.
Probst, G.S., R.E. McMahon, L.E. Hill, C.Z. Thompson, J.K. Epp and S.B. Neal.
1981. Chemically-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte
cultures: A comparison with bacterial mutagenicity using 218 compounds.
Environ. Mutagen. 3: 11-32.
Rosenkrantz, H.S. and L.A. Poirier. 1979. Evaluation of the mutagenicity and
DNA-modifying activity of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in microbial systems.
J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62(4): 873-892.
Sakai, M., D. Yoshida and S. Mizusdki. 1985. Mutagenicity of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and quinones on Salmonella typhimurium TA97. Mutat.
Res. 156: 61-67.
Salamone, M.F., J.A. Heddle and M. Katz. 1979. The mutagenic activity of
thirty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxides in urban airborne
particulates. Environ. Int. 2: 37-43.
Schmahl, D. 1955. Examination of the carcinogenic action of naphthalene and
anthracene in rats. Z. Krebsforsch. 60: 697-710.
Scribner, J.D. 1973. Brief communication: Tumor initiation by apparently
noncarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50:
1717-1719.
Simmon, V.F. 1979a. In vitro mutagenicity assays of chemical carcinogens and
related compounds with Salmonella typhimurium. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62(4):
893-899.
Simmon, V.F. 1979b. In vitro assays of recombinogenic activity of chemical
carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. J. Natl.
Cancer Inst. 62(4): 901-909.
Stanton, M.F., E. Miller, C. Wrench and R. Blackwell. 1972. Experimental
induction of epidermoid carcinoma in the lungs of rats by cigarette smoke
condensate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49(3): 867-877.
Tong, C., S.V. Brat and G.M., Williams. 1981. Sister-chromatid exchange
induction by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an intact cell system of
adult rat-lever epithelial cells. Mutat. Res. 91: 467-473.
U.S. EPA. 1990. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for
the Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC. ECAO-CIN-D010, September, 1990.
(Final Draft)
Williams, G.M. 1977. Detection of chemical carcinogens by unscheduled DNA
synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures. Cancer Res. 37: 1845-1851.
_VII. REVISION HISTORY
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
-------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------
Date Section Description
-------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------
09/01/1990 I.A. Oral RfD summary on-line
09/01/1990 VI. Bibliography on-line
01/01/1991 II. Carcinogen assessment on-line
01/01/1991 VI.C. Carcinogen assessment references added
07/01/1991 I.A.7. Primary and secondary contacts changed
01/01/1992 IV. Regulatory Action section on-line
07/01/1993 I.A.6. Source Document and Other EPA Documentation clarified
09/01/1994 I.B. Inhalation RfD now under review
VIII. SYNONYMS
Substance Name -- Anthracene
CASRN -- 120-12-7
Last Revised -- 09/01/1990
120-12-7
ANTHRACEN [GERMAN]
ANTHRACENE
ANTHRACIN
GREEN OIL
HSDB 702
NSC 7958
PARANAPHTHALENE
TETRA OLIVE N2G
Last updated: 5 May 1998
URL: http://www.epa.gov/iris/SUBST/0434.HTM
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